FLOSSI SKATES TO 4 NATIONS WIN
The 4 Nations Face-Off is a men's ice hockey tournament that began in 2025, featuring national teams from Canada, the United States, Finland, and Sweden. It was introduced to provide a platform for top-tier international competition, especially significant as NHL players had not participated in the Olympics since 2014.Inaugural Tournament (2025):Format: Teams competed in a round-robin format, with the top two advancing to the final.Final Match: Held in Boston, the championship game saw Canada defeat the USA 3-2 in an overtime thriller, with Connor McDavid scoring the decisive goal.
Connor McDavid is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and fastest players of his generation. He is the captain of the Edmonton Oilers in the National Hockey League (NHL) and has consistently dominated the league with his elite speed, playmaking, and goal-scoring ability.
The tournament garnered massive viewership, with over 10 million Canadians tuning in for the final. It served as a precursor to the 2026 Milan Olympics, reigniting international hockey rivalries and showcasing elite talent.
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם דַּיָּן הָאֱמֶת
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם דַּיָּן הָאֱמֶת
SLAVA UKRAINI
Although Ukrainian and Russian are Slavic languages, they differ in phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and historical influences. While they share some similarities due to their common East Slavic roots, Ukrainian is closer to Belarusian and Polish than Russian.
Although Ukrainian and Russian share many words, about 38% of Ukrainian vocabulary differs from Russian. Ukrainian is more influenced by Polish, Slovak, and Czech, while Russian more influences Old Church Slavonic and French.
Ukrainian retains the vocative case (used to address someone directly), while Russian has mostly lost it.
Ukrainian is more "melodic" than Russian due to its softer sounds and use of diphthongs.
Russian sounds flatter and has more guttural consonants.
Ukrainian developed with strong Western European influences (Polish, Lithuanian, Austro-Hungarian).
Russia was shaped more by Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine influences.
During the Soviet era, Ukrainian was suppressed in favor of Russian, leading to Russification policies.
SEMPER FLOSSI
The U.S. Marines are reducing their presence on Okinawa as part of a longstanding agreement between Washington and Tokyo to reduce the American military presence on the island, which has existed since World War II.
Under this agreement, 9,000 Marines—nearly half of the current force—are slated to relocate. However, the process is already 20 years behind schedule and may take another decade to complete, as the relocation depends on constructing replacement bases.
Personnel and Facilities: Okinawa is home to about 26,000 U.S. military personnel, their families and civilian employees. The island houses 13 U.S. military bases, including major installations such as Kadena Air Base, Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, and several Army and Navy facilities.
Strategic Importance: The bases on Okinawa are pivotal for regional security and serve as strategic points for U.S. military operations in the Indo-Pacific. They facilitate rapid deployment and response capabilities across Asia.
The concentration of U.S. bases has led to ongoing discussions about the social, environmental, and economic effects on the local population. Issues such as noise, pollution, and land use have been disputed.
In December 2024, the U.S. relocated some Marines from Okinawa to Guam. This move is part of a long-standing agreement to reduce the American military footprint on Okinawa. The initial phase involved transferring 100 Marines, with plans to relocate approximately 4,000.
HAPPY PRESIDENT’S DAY
The traditional President's Day was originally celebrated on February 22, in honor of George Washington's birthday.
History of the Holiday:
1879: Congress declared February 22 (Washington’s Birthday) a federal holiday, originally observed only in Washington, D.C.
1885: The holiday was expanded to include the entire United States.
1971: The Uniform Monday Holiday Act moved the observance of Washington’s Birthday to the third Monday in February, creating what is now commonly called Presidents' Day.
The holiday was never officially renamed "Presidents' Day" at the federal level—it is still legally known as Washington's Birthday.
Over time, it evolved to honor both George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, as Lincoln’s birthday (February 12) was also celebrated in some states.
FLOSSI AT THE DAYTONA 500
The Daytona 500 is one of the most prestigious and iconic races in NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing). Held annually at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida, it is often called "The Great American Race."
It is the season-opening race for NASCAR's Cup Series and is the most-watched stock car race in the United States.
Before NASCAR was founded, stock car racing in Daytona Beach, Florida, was already famous.
Daytona Beach was known for land speed records in the early 20th century, with drivers like Henry Seagrave and Malcolm Campbell setting speed records on its hard-packed sand.
In the 1930s and 1940s, stock car races were held on a 4.1-mile beach-road course, combining sand and pavement.
In 1947, Bill France Sr., a mechanic and race promoter, founded NASCAR to organize and standardize stock car racing.
France wanted a permanent racing venue, leading to the construction of Daytona International Speedway in 1958.
The first Daytona 500 was held on February 22, 1959.
The first race featured 59 drivers competing for a $67,000 purse.
The finish was so close that officials took three days to declare Lee Petty as the winner over Johnny Beauchamp.
The Daytona 500 quickly became NASCAR's premier event, gaining TV coverage and attracting top drivers.
Richard Petty won seven Daytona 500s, making him the race’s most successful driver.
In 1979, the race was broadcast live in full for the first time, helping NASCAR go mainstream.
The famous 1979 fight between drivers Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison after a last-lap crash helped boost the sport’s popularity.
Dale Earnhardt, one of NASCAR's greatest drivers, dominated at Daytona but failed to win the 500 for years.
In 1998, after 20 attempts, he finally won the Daytona 500, and every pit crew member lined up to high-five him.
In the 2001 Daytona 500, Earnhardt tragically died in a last-lap crash, marking one of the darkest days in NASCAR history.
His death led to major safety reforms, including the HANS device and SAFER barriers.
Jimmie Johnson, Jeff Gordon, and Denny Hamlin became dominant winners.
In 2020, Denny Hamlin won the closest Daytona 500 finish ever over Ryan Blaney.
The Daytona 500 continues to be NASCAR’s biggest event, drawing celebrities, presidents, and over 100,000 fans each year.
From Richard Petty’s dominance to Earnhardt’s emotional 1998 win.
Cars reach speeds over 200 mph, making it a true test of skill and endurance.
Massive Prize Money – The purse now exceeds $20 million.
FLOSSI AND THE WHALE
Humpback whales are filter feeders that consume krill and small fish using lunge feeding.
They do not hunt large prey, and their throats are too small (about the size of a grapefruit) to swallow a human.
However, due to the sheer force of their feeding, a person could accidentally end up in their mouth.
FLOSSI, TARIFFS & FROZEN CHICKENS
The Frozen Chicken War was a trade dispute between the United States and Europe in the 1960s over tariffs on frozen chicken exports.
It ultimately led to unexpected consequences for the automobile industry, particularly the "Chicken Tax ”, which still affects American vehicle manufacturing today.
The Frozen Chicken Dispute (1960s)
After World War II, advances in U.S. poultry farming led to a massive increase in frozen chicken production.
By the late 1950s, American frozen chicken exports flooded European markets, particularly West Germany and France, where they were significantly cheaper than local poultry.
European farmers, unable to compete with U.S. prices, pressured their governments to take action.
In 1962, the European Economic Community (EEC) (the forerunner of the EU) imposed high tariffs on U.S. chicken imports, effectively blocking American poultry from European markets.
The U.S. Response: The "Chicken Tax" (1963)
In retaliation, President Lyndon B. Johnson imposed a 25% tariff on certain European imports, specifically:
Light trucks (including pickup trucks and vans) – targeting Volkswagen and other European automakers.
Potato starch – affecting Dutch producers.
Dextrin (a type of glue) is aimed at European chemical companies.
Brandy – targeting French producers.
The most significant and lasting effect of this retaliation was on light trucks, an industry where Volkswagen was gaining popularity in the U.S. market.
How It Affected the Automobile Industry
European automakers were hit hard, notably Volkswagen, which sold large numbers of VW Type 2 "Transporters" (early versions of vans and pickups).
After the 25% tariff, VW and other European companies largely abandoned the U.S. light truck market.
This gave American automakers (Ford, GM, Chrysler) a virtual monopoly on light trucks and pickups, a dominance that persists today.
As a result, pickup trucks became the most profitable segment of the U.S. auto industry.
Long-Term Effects of the Chicken Tax
Strengthened U.S. Pickup Truck Industry
Domestic manufacturers like Ford, GM, and Chrysler benefited from reduced foreign competition.
Pickups and SUVs became key profit drivers for American automakers.
Foreign Workarounds to Avoid the Tariff
Some foreign automakers found loopholes:
Ford imported vans as passenger vehicles (which had a lower tariff), then removed the rear seats after arrival.
Other companies shipped vehicles in parts and assembled them in the U.S. to avoid the tax.
The tariff limited consumer choices, making imported trucks far more expensive or unavailable.
This helped shape America’s preference for larger, U.S.-built trucks and SUVs over smaller European-style vehicles.
Lasting Trade Policy
The 25% tariff remains in effect today, long after the original chicken trade dispute ended.
While other retaliatory tariffs from the Chicken War were lifted, the light truck tariff stayed due to pressure from U.S. automakers.
This continues to shape the U.S. market, favoring domestic truck production.
In the 19th century, the United States used tariffs as a primary economic tool to encourage domestic industrial production and protect American manufacturers from foreign competition.
These tariffs played a crucial role in shaping the country's economic development, fostering its industrial revolution and reducing dependence on European imports.
Tariff of 1816 – The First Protective Tariff
The War of 1812 disrupted trade with Britain and Europe, revealing the weakness of the U.S. manufacturing sector.
In response, Congress passed the Tariff of 1816, which imposed duties of 20-25% on imported manufactured goods, particularly textiles, iron, and leather.
Goal: Protect young American industries from British competition after the war.
Impact: It encouraged investment in U.S. factories, particularly in the Northeast, which led to the expansion of the American textile industry.
Tariff of 1828 – The "Tariff of Abominations"
It was designed to protect Northern industries but was strongly opposed by the agrarian South.
Raised duties to 45-50% on imported textiles, iron, and other manufactured goods.
Impact: Encouraged growth in American ironworks, cotton mills, and metal industries, particularly in Pennsylvania and New England.
Southern states, which relied on imported European goods and exported cotton, saw it as unfair, leading to sectional tensions.
Tariff of 1832 & the Nullification Crisis
Attempted to reduce the high rates of the 1828 tariff but still maintained protection for Northern industries.
South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, declared the tariff null and void, nearly leading to secession.
The Compromise Tariff of 1833 gradually reduced tariff rates to ease tensions, but protectionism remained.
Tariff of 1842 – A Return to Protectionism
After the Panic of 1837, Congress sought to revive the economy by raising tariffs again.
Increased duties back to 30-40% on industrial goods.
Impact: Helped U.S. iron, coal, and textile industries grow as they faced less competition from British manufacturers.
Morrill Tariff (1861) – High Tariffs and Industrial Expansion
Passed on the eve of the Civil War, it significantly increased tariff rates (to around 38%) to fund the war and encourage industry.
Impact:
Helped northern factories produce weapons, railroad materials, and textiles for the Union Army.
Southern states, which opposed tariffs, saw this as another example of Northern economic dominance, contributing to the secession movement.
Post-Civil War Tariffs (1865–1890) – The Era of High Protection
Tariffs remained high throughout the late 19th century, particularly under Republican administrations.
The McKinley Tariff (1890) raised rates to nearly 50%, protecting industries like steel, textiles, and machinery.
Helped the rise of industrial giants like Carnegie Steel and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil.
Encouraged domestic production of railroads, farm equipment, and consumer goods.
This angered farmers and consumers, who had to pay higher prices for goods.
FLOSSI: THE YOKES ON US
Over the past year, egg prices in the United States have significantly increased. In January 2024, the average retail price for a dozen Grade A large eggs was $2.52. By January 2025, this price had nearly doubled to $4.95 per dozen.
This represents an approximate 96% increase in egg prices over the 12 months. The surge is primarily attributed to a severe avian influenza (bird flu) outbreak, which has led to the culling of millions of egg-laying hens, thereby reducing supply. Additionally, rising costs for feed, fuel, and labor have further contributed to the escalating prices.
Key Factors Contributing to Rising Egg Prices:
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Outbreak:
A severe outbreak of avian influenza has led to the culling of millions of egg-laying hens to prevent the spread of the virus, significantly reducing the egg supply.
Increased Production Costs:
Higher costs for feed, fuel, and labor have contributed to the rising prices of eggs.
Market Dynamics:
Some major egg producers have been accused of deliberately limiting supply to inflate prices and increase profits.
Impact on Consumers and Businesses:
Retailers and Restaurants:
Some retailers have implemented purchase limits on eggs to manage shortages, and restaurants have added surcharges to egg-based dishes to cope with increased costs.
Consumer Behavior:
Consumers are experiencing higher prices and occasional shortages, leading to adjustments in purchasing habits. Outlook:
Experts predict that egg prices may continue to rise. The USDA forecasts a potential increase of up to 20.3% in 2025.
FLOSSI AND THE DOG(E)
During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877), several scandals and instances of corruption tarnished his administration. Some of the most notable examples include:
The Belknap Impeachment Scandal (1876)
William W. Belknap, Grant's Secretary of War, was involved in a scandal that led to his impeachment.
Belknap was accused of taking bribes from Indian trading post operators in exchange for granting them lucrative contracts to trade with Native American reservations.
When the scandal broke, Belknap resigned in disgrace in 1876, but the House of Representatives still impeached him. The Senate acquitted him despite the strong evidence of corruption.
During Andrew Jackson’s presidency (1829–1837), corruption and cronyism were significant concerns, though they often stemmed from his patronage system rather than outright financial fraud. Here are some of the most notable examples:
The "Indian Removal" and Land Speculation
The Indian Removal Act (1830), one of Jackson’s most controversial policies, forced Native American tribes to cede their lands and relocate westward. While Jackson justified this as a means to open land for white settlers, it benefited land speculators, including some of Jackson’s closest allies.
Certain government officials, land companies, and private investors took advantage of the forced removal by acquiring valuable lands at low prices before selling them at inflated rates.
FLOSSI: A VROOM WITH A FUME
Porsche has announced plans to continue producing vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs). In a recent strategic shift, the company is investing approximately €800 million into developing new combustion engines and plug-in hybrid models. This decision comes amid a decline in demand for fully electric vehicles, leading Porsche to adjust its product lineup to include more ICE and hybrid options.
EVs are generally heavier than traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles due to their batteries. This added weight, combined with higher torque, leads to faster tire wear, resulting in approximately 20% more particulate pollution from tires compared to ICE vehicles.
Producing a new tire emits about 31 kg of CO₂, while retreading a tire produces approximately 22 kg of CO₂. The higher weight and performance demands of EVs may necessitate more frequent tire replacements, thereby increasing overall emissions from tire production.
Impact on Infrastructure
Road and Bridge Wear: EVs' additional weight can contribute to increased wear on roads and bridges. For instance, a 2,000-pound increase in axle weight can cause 50% more damage to pavement.
FLOSSI AND THE FED
The Federal Reserve System (the Fed) was created on December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law.
Why Was the Federal Reserve Created?
Before the Fed’s creation, the U.S. financial system was unstable, experiencing frequent banking panics and economic recessions. The Panic of 1907, a severe financial crisis that led to bank runs and market collapses, highlighted the need for a central banking system to regulate the money supply and stabilize the economy.
Key Figures Involved in Its Creation:
President Woodrow Wilson – Signed the Federal Reserve Act into law in 1913.
Senator Nelson Aldrich – Led the National Monetary Commission, which studied banking reforms.
Congressman Carter Glass – Helped draft the Federal Reserve Act.
Paul Warburg – A banker and early advocate of central banking reform.
Structure of the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve was designed to be an independent central bank with both public and private elements:
Board of Governors – Oversees the Fed’s policies, appointed by the President.
12 Regional Federal Reserve Banks – Each serving different districts across the U.S.
Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) – Sets monetary policy, including interest rates.
Purpose of the Federal Reserve
The Fed was created to:
Regulate banks and prevent financial crises.
Stabilize the economy by adjusting interest rates and controlling the money supply.
Act as a lender of last resort during banking panics.
FLOSSI SEES VICTORY AT THE SUPER BOWL
History of the Vince Lombardi Trophy
The Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded annually to the winner of the Super Bowl, the championship game of the National Football League (NFL). It is one of the most recognizable trophies in American sports. Here’s a look at its history:
Origins (1966)
In 1966, the NFL and AFL agreed to merge, creating the Super Bowl.
The trophy was originally designed by Oscar Riedener, an executive at Tiffany & Co., who sketched it on a napkin during a meeting with then-NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle.
Tiffany & Co. was chosen to craft the trophy, a partnership that continues today.
First Presentation (1967)
The first Super Bowl was played on January 15, 1967, between the Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs.
The Packers won, and coach Vince Lombardi received the inaugural trophy.
Initially, it was called the "World Professional Football Championship Trophy."
Renaming in Honor of Vince Lombardi (1970)
In 1970, legendary Packers coach Vince Lombardi passed away from cancer at age 57.
As a tribute to his coaching legacy (including leading the Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls), the trophy was renamed the "Vince Lombardi Trophy."
The Baltimore Colts were the first team to receive the renamed trophy after Super Bowl V (1971).
Design and Construction
Material: The trophy is made of sterling silver.
Design: It features a football in a kicking position atop a triangular stand.
Height & Weight: Approximately 22 inches tall and weighs around 7 pounds.
Production: Each trophy is handcrafted by Tiffany & Co. and takes about 4 months to create.
Cost: Estimated value is $50,000+.
Notable Moments
Permanence: Unlike other major sports trophies (like the Stanley Cup), a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is made each year for the winning team to keep.
Unusual Incidents:
In 2019, Rob Gronkowski (Patriots) famously dented the trophy while using it as a bat during a playful baseball moment at a Red Sox game.
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2021) almost lost the trophy when Tom Brady threw it across a boat during a parade.
Legacy
The Vince Lombardi Trophy symbolizes excellence and triumph in the NFL.
Winning teams keep their trophy permanently, often displayed in team headquarters or Hall of Fame exhibits.
The Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers hold the most Lombardi Trophies, each winning 4+ times.
FLOSSI AND THE LAST STRAW
Paper straws require ~2.5 to 5 times more energy per kilogram than plastic straws.
Plastic straws are lighter (about 1 g per straw) than paper straws (~2 g per straw), so per-unit energy usage is closer, but paper still consumes more.
Paper manufacturing is energy-intensive, especially for virgin pulp.
Plastic manufacturing is more energy-efficient, but plastic waste persists in the environment for centuries.
FLOSSI AND THE WORLD OF DIAMONDS
As of early 2025, the diamond market is experiencing significant challenges characterized by declining prices, shifting consumer preferences, and industry restructuring.
Declining Prices and Demand
Natural diamond prices have decreased by approximately 26% since their peak in 2022. This decline is attributed to several factors, including reduced demand in key markets such as China and the United States, economic uncertainties, and decreased marriage rates. Additionally, the rapid advancement and increased production of lab-grown diamonds have intensified competition, leading to a 74% price drop since 2020.
Industry Impact and Restructuring
Major industry players are responding to these challenges through strategic adjustments. Anglo-American, for instance, is expected to write down the value of its De Beers diamond business for the second time within a year due to poor market conditions. The company is considering options such as selling or publicly listing De Beers as part of a broader restructuring plan.
Shifting Consumer Preferences
Lab-grown diamonds are gaining popularity, especially among younger consumers who value their affordability and perceived ethical advantages. In the U.S., sales of lab-grown diamond jewellery increased by 12.5%, while natural diamond jewellery sales declined by 0.7%. This trend is prompting traditional jewellers to reconsider their product offerings and marketing strategies to highlight the unique value of natural diamonds.
FLOSSI IN THE NEW GAZA
The name Gaza has ancient origins and has been used for thousands of years to refer to the city and region in what is now the Gaza Strip. The name’s meaning and history trace back to various languages and civilizations.
Origins of the Name "Gaza"
Ancient Semitic Roots—The name Gaza comes from ancient Semitic languages, likely related to the Hebrew and Canaanite word ʿAzzā (עַזָּה), which means “strong” or “fortified.”
Egyptian Influence – The Egyptians called the city “Ghazzat”, an important strategic city along trade routes.
Greek and Roman Period – The Greeks and Romans called it Gaza, a name that persisted over time.
Arabic Name – In Arabic, the city is called غزة (Ghazza), which retains the ancient Semitic root.
Strategic Location – Gaza has historically been a fortified city, controlling important trade routes between Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia.
Cultural and Military Importance – It was a key city for many empires, from the Philistines and Ancient Egyptians to the Ottomans and British.
FLOSSI & BILLIARDS IN NYC
The history of billiards in New York City is rich and deeply tied to the city's social and recreational culture. From the 19th century onward, New York played a crucial role in shaping billiards in America, hosting famous players, prestigious tournaments, and legendary pool halls. Here’s an overview:
Early History (18th - 19th Century)
Billiards was introduced to America by European immigrants in the late 1700s.
By the early 1800s, New York City had become a major hub for the game, with many upscale billiard rooms in hotels and private clubs.
In 1850, Michael Phelan, known as the "Father of American Billiards," helped popularize the sport in NYC. He wrote the first rule book and developed standardized tables.
Phelan opened Phelan's Billiard Saloon, one of the first premier billiard halls in the city.
Golden Age of Billiards (Late 19th - Early 20th Century)
Billiards became a fashionable pastime among New York’s elite, played in luxury clubs and social halls.
Brunswick Corporation, a major billiard table manufacturer, established its dominance, setting the standard for American pool halls.
The game was widely played in working-class bars and pool halls, making it a common pastime for people of all backgrounds.
20th Century – The Rise of Competitive Pool
Straight Pool (14.1 Continuous), the dominant game at the time, saw fierce competition in NYC.
The city hosted many national and world championship matches, often at renowned venues like McGirr’s Billiard Room and Carom Café.
Players like Willie Mosconi, Ralph Greenleaf, and Irving Crane gained fame through their matches in NYC.
Decline and Resurgence (Mid-to-Late 20th Century)
By the 1950s and 1960s, billiards declined due to the rise of television, bowling, and other leisure activities.
The 1961 film “The Hustler” (starring Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason) brought renewed interest in pool, with scenes shot in NYC-style pool halls.
The 1990s and early 2000s saw a resurgence with upscale billiard lounges like Amsterdam Billiards opening in Manhattan.
Modern Era (21st Century)
NYC remains an important billiards city, with high-end lounges and historic halls like Society Billiards & Bar and Steinway Billiards.
The city hosts major tournaments, including professional and amateur competitions.
Billiards is still a staple of NYC nightlife, blending history with modern entertainment.