Trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is extensive and encompasses a variety of goods and services. The top five categories of trade among these countries include:

Automotive Products:

The automotive industry is highly integrated across the three countries, with significant trade in passenger vehicles, trucks, and auto parts. Canada and Mexico are both major sources of U.S. imports and destinations for U.S. exports in this sector. Machinery and Equipment:

Industrial Machinery: This category includes machinery for various industries, such as manufacturing and agriculture. The U.S. exports substantial amounts of machinery to both Canada and Mexico.Electrical and Electronic Equipment:

Electronics: Trade in electronics, including computers, smartphones, and other devices, is significant between these nations.The U.S. imports various electronic products from Mexico and exports electrical equipment to Canada.

Mineral Fuels and Oils:

Energy Products: Crude oil and refined petroleum products are major components of trade, especially between the U.S. and Canada. Canada is a leading supplier of crude oil to the U.S., and there is also notable trade in natural gas and other energy products. 

Agricultural Products:

Food and Beverages: Agricultural trade includes grains, meats, fruits, vegetables, and beverages. The U.S. exports grains and meats to Mexico, while importing fruits, vegetables, and beverages like beer and tequila. Similarly, there is significant agricultural trade between the U.S. and Canada.

The issue isn’t whether these folks are worth their salaries; they all appear well-qualified and professional. The issue is if these really are the top people in the world, and this is the result of their planning, practising and preparing for this type of disaster, we had better figure out how to put out this fire first.

Less talking, more doing.

The clothespins are a reference to the TV-making of David Muir of ABC while reporting on the wildfires in and around Pacific Palisades.
It’s the image business, and a clothespin to make whatever you are wearing appear better is no disqualification for authenticity.

I would say just the opposite. It’s good when TV humbles those who dwell in adoration.

The maintenance and management of Los Angeles' water supply involve several key individuals leading various agencies:

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)

General Manager and Chief Engineer: As of May 2024, Janisse Quiñones is the General Manager and Chief Engineer of LADWP.She has over 25 years of leadership experience in the utility sector, having previously held positions at Pacific Gas and Electric.

Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD)

Interim General Manager: Deven Upadhyay currently serves as the Interim General Manager of MWD.He was appointed following the administrative leave of the previous General Manager, Adel Hagekhalil, who was placed on leave in June 2024 amid an ongoing investigation into harassment allegations and creating a hostile work environment.

Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (LACDPW)

Director: Mark Pestrella serves as the Director of LACDPW.He oversees the department's efforts in managing stormwater systems, groundwater recharge projects, and other public infrastructure within Los Angeles County.

California State Water Resources Control Board

Chair: E. Joaquin Esquivel serves as the State Water Resources Control Board Chair. The board regulates water quality and allocation across the state, ensuring compliance with environmental laws and resource management policies.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Commissioner: Camille Calimlim Touton serves as the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner. The bureau oversees major water infrastructure projects affecting California's water supply, including managing dams and reservoirs.

Walled cities in the medieval age frequently enacted tolls and taxes on people and goods entering and leaving the city. These measures were vital for the city's economy, defense, and governance. Below are some notable examples of medieval walled cities that imposed such charges:

London (England)Tolls and Taxes:

Medieval London levied tolls on merchants and traders bringing goods into the city.

Taxes were often collected at gates such as Ludgate and Aldgate.

The city’s walls, originally built by the Romans and expanded in the Middle Ages, controlled entry points and facilitated the collection of these fees.

Revenue funded city maintenance, including the repair of walls, roads, and public services.

Paris (France)

Tolls and Taxes:

Paris imposed octroi (entry taxes) on goods such as wine, food, and raw materials entering the city.

Taxes were collected at the city's fortified gates, including Porte Saint-Denis and Porte Saint-Martin.

The walls, such as the Wall of Philippe Auguste, were essential for controlling trade and ensuring efficient tax collection.

Octroi revenues supported city infrastructure, defense, and governance.

Lübeck (Germany)

Tolls and Taxes:

A leading city in the Hanseatic League, Lübeck levied tolls on ships and goods entering its ports.

Entry taxes were also collected at the city gates for merchants using land routes.

Its prominent trade position made tolls a primary source of income for the city.

Funds were used to maintain fortifications, promote trade, and ensure the city’s autonomy within the Hanseatic League.

Bruges (Belgium)

Tolls and Taxes:

Bruges collected tolls at its gates and waterways, taxing goods brought in by merchants.

Specific goods like textiles and spices faced additional fees.

The city’s canals and gates made it a key trading hub during the Middle Ages.

Revenues were invested in the city’s infrastructure, including maintaining the canals and fortifications.

Carcassonne (France)

Tolls and Taxes:

As a fortified city, Carcassonne taxed traders and travelers entering through its gates.

Goods like salt and cloth were particularly targeted for taxation.

The double-walled fortifications of Carcassonne enabled tight control over trade and taxation.

Revenues supported the upkeep of the city’s walls and its military garrison.

Florence (Italy)

Tolls and Taxes:

Florence imposed tolls on goods entering its walls, especially during fairs and market days.

Wool and textiles, key industries in Florence, were heavily taxed.

The city’s gates, including the Porta Romana, controlled entry and ensured proper tax collection.

The revenues helped finance the city’s artistic and architectural projects, as well as its defense.

Kraków (Poland)

Tolls and Taxes:

Entry fees were charged on goods entering the city through gates like St. Florian's Gate.

Specific taxes applied to salt, a vital resource in medieval Poland.

Kraków’s position on major trade routes made it a vital economic center.

Revenue funded city defenses and the maintenance of public buildings, including Wawel Castle.

Avignon (France)Tolls and Taxes:

Entry fees were collected at the city’s fortified gates during the period of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377).

Taxes applied to pilgrims, traders, and goods entering the city.

The city’s religious importance brought significant wealth through pilgrimage-related trade.

Revenues supported papal projects, city defenses, and public works.

Ghent (Belgium)

Tolls and Taxes:

Ghent imposed taxes on goods such as grain and textiles entering its gates.

River tolls were also levied on ships using its waterways.

A key city in the medieval textile trade, Ghent depended on tolls for economic prosperity.

Revenues funded civic projects, including the maintenance of walls and public spaces.

Tallinn (Estonia)Tolls and Taxes:

As a member of the Hanseatic League, Tallinn taxed goods entering its harbor and gates.

Entry fees applied to traders bringing goods like timber, fish, and grain.

The city’s fortifications, such as the Great Coastal Gate, controlled trade routes and taxation.

 Revenues bolstered the city’s defense and trade prominence.

Neodymium, Dysprosium, and Terbium: Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

These elements are part of the rare earth group and are essential for modern technology and clean energy applications. Here's an overview of each:

Neodymium (Nd)

Atomic Number: 60

A silvery-white, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.

Reactive and oxidizes quickly when exposed to air.

Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets are the strongest permanent magnets available.

Widely used in electric vehicle motors, wind turbines, and computer hard drives.

Neodymium is used in Nd:YAG lasers, important for cutting, welding, and medical applications.

Glass and Ceramics:

Adds color to glass and ceramics, producing purples and other shades.

Dysprosium (Dy)

Atomic Number: 66

A silvery-white metal with high thermal neutron absorption capability.

Very stable at high temperatures.

Added to NdFeB magnets to enhance resistance to demagnetization at high temperatures, essential for electric motors and wind turbines.

Used as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors due to its high neutron cross-section.

Dysprosium compounds are used in halide lamps and high-intensity lighting.

Terbium (Tb)

Atomic Number: 65

A silvery-white metal that is soft and malleable.

Oxidizes slowly in air and reacts with water.

Used in combination with dysprosium to improve the heat resistance of NdFeB magnets.

Added to metal alloys for strength and durability.

The first Christmas tree lighting at Rockefeller Center took place in December 1931 during the construction of the complex. It wasn’t an official event as we know it today but rather a spontaneous act by construction workers.

• The tree was a 20-foot balsam fir decorated with handmade garlands and strings of cranberries, tin cans, and even paper. It was a modest gesture of holiday spirit during the depths of the Great Depression.

The first official tree lighting ceremony, complete with organized festivities, occurred in December 1933. That year, the event featured a 50-foot tree and marked the beginning of an annual holiday tradition.

Today, the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting is a globally recognized event, drawing crowds and television audiences to celebrate the season.

Rockefeller Center is an iconic example of innovative urban design and construction, blending Art Deco aesthetics with practical functionality. Daniel Okrent's book, Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center, offers a detailed exploration of its unique characteristics, shedding light on its ambitious vision and execution. Here are some standout features:

1. Art Deco Architecture

• The design of Rockefeller Center epitomizes the sleek, geometric elegance of the Art Deco movement. Okrent highlights the creative use of vertical lines, setbacks, and ornamentation to create a sense of upward movement and grandeur. The use of limestone cladding and stainless steel accents further emphasizes the clean, modern aesthetic.

2. Integrated Urban Complex

• Rockefeller Center was one of the first developments to integrate multiple commercial, cultural, and recreational functions into a cohesive urban complex. As Okrent describes, it features interconnected buildings designed around a central plaza, creating a "city within a city" that supports both pedestrian and vehicular flow.

3. Innovative Construction Techniques

• Okrent details the extraordinary engineering feats required to build Rockefeller Center during the Great Depression. Techniques such as precision steel frame construction and the use of modular limestone panels allowed for rapid and efficient building while ensuring structural integrity.

4. Public Art and Design Integration

• The complex incorporates significant public art, such as sculptures, frescoes, and bas-reliefs, reflecting progress, culture, and industry themes. Notable works include Paul Manship's Prometheus statue and Diego Rivera's (later replaced) murals, which Okrent describes as part of a broader cultural vision by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to merge art and commerce.

5. Underground Concourse and Transportation Integration

• A key innovation was the inclusion of an underground concourse, which connected the buildings and provided easy access to public transit. Okrent highlights this as an early example of designing urban spaces with accessibility and functionality in mind.

6. Seasonal Features and Iconic Attractions

• The Rockefeller Plaza, home to the annual Christmas Tree Lighting and the ice-skating rink, was conceived as a dynamic, multi-use public space. Okrent notes that these features were not originally part of the plan but evolved as ways to make the space more inviting and profitable.

Okrent’s book emphasizes that Rockefeller Center is an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of resilience, completed during one of America's most challenging economic periods. Its design and construction remain a benchmark for urban planning and architectural ingenuity.

United States and southern Ontario, Canada, were under winter weather warnings as snow squalls moved through Thursday morning ahead Arctic temperatures blasting through the region with blustery and potentially damaging wind gusts.

After a week of bitterly cold temperatures and days of lake-effect snow, another shot of cold air swept through the Northeast, sending temperatures in parts of the Midwest plunging into the teens, 10 to 20 degrees below normal. Wind gusts up to 80 miles per hour are expected Thursday afternoon into the evening, bringing blizzard conditions to areas with lake-effect snow and making travel treacherous.

Forecasters with the National Weather Service in New York City said Thursday night into Friday would be the coldest night and early morning of the season, especially after accounting for wind chill.

In the dim light of dawn, the city streets glistened with rain, the amber glow of streetlamps flickering in the mist.

At the corner of 54th Street, outside the imposing facade of the New York Hilton, a beige miniature poodle stood resolutely, raincoat draped over its petite frame, fedora tilted just enough to shield its sharp eyes from the drizzle.

The badge pinned to its coat gleamed faintly—a symbol of justice. Detective Flossi had pieced together the mystery in record time. A string of cryptic clues led to this moment: the final confrontation.

The poodle's sharp bark shattered the silence as a shadowy figure darted from an alleyway, clutching a briefcase stuffed with ill-gotten gains. 

With an agility that belied her small stature, Flossi pursued, her tiny paws splashing through puddles.

A calculated leap and the poodle had the perpetrator pinned against a lamppost.

Police officials emerged from the shadows, cuffs at the ready, as Flossi growled a warning that even the toughest criminal wouldn’t dare ignore.

As the officers led the suspect away, Flossi tilted her head skyward, the first rays of sunlight breaking through the gloom. Another case closed—justice served, poodle style.

The 2023 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessed fourth—and eighth-graders' mathematics and science proficiency across 70 education systems worldwide. The results, released on December 4, 2024, reveal significant insights into global educational standings.

Top Performers:

• Singapore: Consistently leading in education, Singapore's students achieved the highest scores in both mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth-grade levels.This marks the third consecutive TIMSS cycle where Singapore has topped all categories.

• East Asian Regions: Following Singapore, regions such as Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Japan also demonstrated strong performances, particularly in mathematics. For instance, 92% of Japanese eighth-graders reached proficiency in United States:

American students experienced a decline in mathematics scores, with eighth graders ranking 24th out of 45 education systems. This downturn is partly attributed to extended school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted learning more severely in the U.S. compared to countries with shorter closures.

Australia:

Australian fourth graders achieved their highest mathematics scores since TIMSS began, with 72% meeting the proficiency standard. However, 9% of these students still needed help with basic calculations. In science, Australian students performed slightly better than peers from the U.S. and other countries.

Spain:

Spanish students showed a decline in mathematics and science, with a notable widening of the gender gap in math performance. Regions like Castilla y León and Asturias led in these subjects, while the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands lagged.

United Kingdom (England):

In England, fourth-grade students maintained high mathematics scores and improved in science, ranking ninth and fifth, respectively. Eighth graders also showed significant improvements, placing sixth in mathematics and fifth in science.

Key Observations:

• Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic's disruption had varied effects globally. Countries with prolonged school closures, like the U.S., faced sharper declines in performance. In contrast, nations with shorter disruptions managed to maintain or improve their standings.

• Gender Disparities: Some countries, including Spain, reported an increasing gender gap in mathematics achievement, with boys outperforming girls.

• Regional Variations: Significant disparities were observed among different regions within countries, highlighting the influence of local educational policies and resources.

As of November 29, 2024, Russia occupies approximately 18% of Ukraine's territory, encompassing parts of the following regions:

• Crimea: Annexed by Russia in 2014, the Crimean Peninsula remains under Russian control.

• Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts: Collectively known as the Donbas region, these areas have experienced significant conflict since 2014. Russia declared the annexation of these territories in September 2022, but does not fully control them.

• Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts: In 2022, Russian forces occupied portions of these southern regions. Despite declaring annexation, Russia does not have complete control over these areas.

The front lines remain dynamic, with ongoing military operations leading to changes in territorial control. Recent reports indicate that Russian forces have made rapid advances in eastern Ukraine, capturing significant territory in regions such as Donetsk and Luhansk.

It's important to note that the international community, including the United Nations, does not recognize Russia's annexation of these Ukrainian territories.

The tradition of the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions playing on Thanksgiving Day has deep historical and promotional roots in NFL history. Here's why these teams became Thanksgiving Day staples:

The Detroit Lions: Pioneers of Thanksgiving Football

• 1934: The Tradition Begins

  • The Lions' Thanksgiving Day tradition started in 1934. George A. Richards, the team owner, wanted to boost attendance and generate publicity for his newly relocated team (from Portsmouth, Ohio, to Detroit).

  • Richards, who also owned a radio station affiliated with NBC, used his connections to secure a national radio broadcast of the game. This broadcast brought widespread attention to the event.

  • That first Thanksgiving game saw the Lions face the Chicago Bears in front of a sellout crowd at University of Detroit Stadium, cementing the tradition.

• Why It Stuck

  • The Lions have hosted a Thanksgiving game every year since 1934, except during World War II (1939–1944). The consistent scheduling turned Detroit into an annual Thanksgiving football destination.

  • The tradition became a source of pride for the city, even during tough economic times.

The Dallas Cowboys: Joining the Tradition

• 1966: Cowboys Enter the Scene

  • The Cowboys began playing on Thanksgiving in 1966, when the NFL sought to expand the Thanksgiving lineup with a second game. The league approached Dallas, which was still a relatively young franchise, established in 1960.

  • Tex Schramm, the Cowboys' general manager, agreed, seeing it as an opportunity to boost the team's profile nationally.

• Immediate Success

  • The Cowboys’ first Thanksgiving game, against the Cleveland Browns, drew a record crowd of over 80,000 fans and millions of TV viewers, proving the move's success.

• Why They Stayed

  • The Cowboys, known as "America's Team," brought star power and popularity to Thanksgiving Day football. Their games consistently drew high ratings, ensuring the continuation of the tradition.

Modern-Day Thanksgiving NFL Tradition

• Dual Games and Expanding Viewership

  • The Lions always play the early afternoon game, while the Cowboys host the late afternoon game. Since 2006, a primetime Thanksgiving game has been added, featuring rotating teams.

• Cultural Significance

  • Thanksgiving games featuring the Lions and Cowboys are now a beloved American tradition. For many, football is as integral to the holiday as turkey and pumpkin pie.

Summary

The Lions initiated the Thanksgiving tradition in 1934 to promote their team, and the Cowboys joined in 1966 to boost their profile. Their consistent participation and the NFL's growing popularity have made these games a Thanksgiving Day institution.

Sarah Hale used her persuasive writings to support the creation of Thanksgiving as a national holiday. Beginning in 1846, she charged the president and other leading politicians to push for the national celebration of Thanksgiving, which was then only celebrated in the Northeast. Her requests for recognition were largely ignored by politicians until 1863. While the nation was in the Civil War, President Lincoln signed into action “A National Day of Thanksgiving and Praise.” Hale’s letter to Lincoln is often cited as the main factor in his decision. 

Sarah Josepha Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire, on October 24th, 1788. 

She turned to poetry as a form of income. Her most famous book, Poems for Our Children, included a beloved story from her childhood: “Mary Had a Little Lamb,” which became a popular nursery rhyme.

In 1837, she became the  Godey’s Lady’s Book editor. Her work with the magazine made her one of the most influential voices in the 19th century. Her columns covered everything from women’s education to child-rearing. 

The complexity of the U.S.-Mexico relationship is deeply rooted in a shared history marked by territorial conflicts, economic disparities, and cultural misunderstandings. One prominent historical example is the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and its aftermath.

The Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:

1. Conflict Origins:

   • The war stemmed from disputes over the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845, which Mexico still considered its territory after Texas declared independence in 1836.

   • The U.S. desire for westward expansion, driven by Manifest Destiny, further fueled tensions, especially over California and other territories.

1. The War:

1. • The U.S. invaded Mexican territory, leading to battles across present-day Texas, California, and deep into Mexico, including the capture of Mexico City.

   • Mexican forces, less equipped and internally divided, were ultimately defeated.

1. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848):

1. • Mexico ceded approximately half of its territory to the United States, including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and parts of several other states.

   • The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million as compensation, but the loss of land was seen as a national humiliation in Mexico and remains a source of historical grievance.

Lasting Impact:

• Territorial Loss and Resentment:

  • The loss of such a vast amount of land profoundly shaped Mexican national identity and fostered resentment toward the U.S., which Mexico saw as an imperialist power.

• Economic Disparities:

  • The war solidified economic inequalities between the two nations, as the U.S. emerged as a continental power while Mexico struggled with political and economic instability.

The region spanning from Syria on the Mediterranean to the Suez Canal, often referred to historically as the Levant and Egypt, has seen periods of peace and prosperity under various empires and administrations. One period particularly stands out:

The Roman and Byzantine Eras (c. 1st century BCE to 7th century CE)

• Pax Romana (27 BCE – 180 CE):
  During this time, much of the region, including modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel/Palestine, and Egypt, was under Roman rule. The stability brought by the Pax Romana allowed for:

  • Economic prosperity was driven by agriculture, trade, and crafts.

  • Infrastructure development, including roads, aqueducts, and cities like Antioch, Caesarea, and Alexandria.

  • Cultural flourishing with Hellenistic, Roman, and local traditions blending in cities and ports.

• Byzantine Era (4th–7th centuries): The Eastern Roman Empire administered the Levant and Egypt effectively, maintaining trade routes and integrating Christian institutions, which became central to local culture. Despite occasional conflicts, prosperity persisted in key cities like Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria.

The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)

• Centered in Damascus, Syria, the Umayyads oversaw one of the most peaceful and prosperous periods for the Levant and Egypt. Highlights include:

  • Trade networks linking the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, and Asia.

  • Flourishing arts and architecture, including the Great Mosque of Damascus.

  • Efficient administration and integration of diverse religious and cultural groups.

The Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171 CE)

• The Fatimids, based in Egypt, established a stable and prosperous empire that extended into the Levant.

  • Cairo became a major cultural, intellectual, and economic hub.

  • The Caliphate encouraged trade in the Mediterranean and Red Sea, boosting regional wealth.

  • Religious tolerance allowed for coexistence among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

Key Features of Prosperity and Peace in These Periods:

1. Economic Stability: Agricultural productivity and flourishing trade routes, such as the Silk Road and maritime trade networks.

2. Cultural Exchange: A blend of Greek, Roman, Persian, and local cultures enriched the intellectual and artistic life.

3. Infrastructure: Advanced urban planning, aqueducts, and irrigation systems facilitated growth.

4. Religious Tolerance: Empires that fostered coexistence among diverse religious and ethnic groups experienced fewer internal conflicts.

The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, with its long history dating back to 1924, has seen its share of unusual and unexpected events. Here are some of the most notable and unusual moments:

1. Balloons Floating Away (1932)

• In the early years, Macy's had no system for deflating the massive balloons after the parade. Instead, they released them into the sky, where they would eventually deflate and fall to the ground. In 1932, a balloon landed in the East River, and another caused a stir when it landed on a ship and broke the rudder, leaving the ship to drift for weeks. Macy's offered a reward for their return, sparking a competitive "balloon hunt."

2. The Cat in the Hat Incident (1997)

• During high winds in 1997, the Cat in the Hat balloon struck a streetlamp, causing debris to fall and seriously injuring a spectator. This incident led to tighter regulations on balloon size and the cancellation of balloons in certain weather conditions.

3. A Tear in Superman (1986)

• The Superman balloon suffered an embarrassing fate when it tore in half during the parade. It became a running joke that Superman had met his kryptonite in the form of strong winds and sharp objects.

4. Sonic the Hedgehog Crash (1993)

• The Sonic the Hedgehog balloon became the first video game character to trash the parade, but strong winds caused it to crash into a lamppost. The accident injured an off-duty police officer and highlighted the risks of handling giant balloons filled with nitrous oxide in poor weather.

5. Barney Deflates in the Rain (1997)

• Heavy rain proved too much for the Barney the Dinosaur balloon, which deflated mid-parade in dramatic fashion. The moment was widely captured on camera, and some even described it as looking like a "melancholy collapse."

6. Unexpected Guest: A Wild Turkey (1993)

• During the parade, a wild turkey wandered onto the route and caused a distraction by ripping off the face of the Grand Marshall. The irony of a turkey crashing a Thanksgiving parade was not lost on the amused crowd.

7. Power Outage Halts the Parade (1941)

• A citywide power outage caused many of the floats and displays to stop mid-route. Despite this, performers continued entertaining because they had nothing else to do.

8. Kermit the Frog Gets Stuck (1985)

• The Kermit the Frog balloon snagged on a tree, puncturing its side. This mishap left Kermit looking deflated.

A bomb cyclone is a term used to describe a rapidly intensifying storm system, usually occurring in mid-latitudes, that undergoes a process called bombogenesis. Here's a breakdown of what it means:

Key Characteristics

1. Rapid Pressure Drop:

   • A bomb cyclone occurs when the central pressure of a storm system drops by 24 millibars or more within 24 hours, signifying an extremely rapid strengthening.

1. Intense Weather Conditions:

1. • High winds

   • Heavy rainfall or snowfall

   • Possible flooding in coastal or low-lying areas

   • Blizzards in cold climates

1. Formation:

1. • Often forms when a cold air mass collides with a warm air mass, such as warm, moist air over the ocean meeting cold air from the poles.

Why It's Called a "Bomb" Cyclone

The term "bomb" refers to the explosive nature of its intensification, which can lead to sudden and severe weather impacts.

Impacts

• On Land:

  • Extreme wind speeds can cause widespread power outages and structural damage.

  • Heavy precipitation can result in floods or snowstorms that disrupt transportation.

• At Sea:

  • Bomb cyclones can produce massive waves and hazardous conditions for ships.

Geographic Occurrence

Bomb cyclones are common along coastlines, where cold and warm air masses meet. They are frequently observed off the east coast of North America, but they can also happen in other parts of the world.

Examples

• A bomb cyclone caused the "Blizzard of 1978" in the U.S..

• A 2021 bomb cyclone brought record rainfall and strong winds to California.

• "To his dog, every man is Napoleon; hence the constant popularity of dogs."
  – Aldous Huxley, writer and philosopher
  
  In the 19th and 20th centuries, several notable individuals blended careers in media or entertainment with involvement in U.S. politics, often using their platforms to influence public opinion or pursue political office. Here are some examples:

   19th Century

  1. Horace Greeley:

      Media: Founder and editor of the New York Tribune, one of the most influential newspapers of the 19th century.

      Politics: Greeley was a prominent political figure who supported the abolitionist movement and ran for president in 1872 as the candidate of the Liberal Republican Party.

  2. P.T. Barnum:

      Entertainment: Known as the Barnum & Bailey Circus founder, Barnum was a master showman and marketer.

      Politics: Served as a member of the Connecticut Legislature and later as the Mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, using his influence to advocate for causes such as temperance and antislavery.

  3. Frederick Douglass:

      Media: As a former slave, Douglass founded and edited several abolitionist newspapers, including The North Star, to advocate for emancipation and civil rights.

      Politics: Douglass held various political appointments, including U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia and Minister Resident to Haiti.

   20th Century

  1. William Randolph Hearst:

      Media: Built a vast newspaper empire, including the San Francisco Examiner and New York Journal, and became a pioneer of "yellow journalism."

      Politics: Served as a U.S. Congressman from New York (1903–1907) and unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of New York City and Governor of New York.

  2. Joseph Pulitzer:

      Media: Pulitzer, who published the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World, used his newspapers to champion progressive causes and expose corruption.

      Politics: Served as a U.S. Congressman from New York (1885–1886) and was deeply involved in political advocacy through his media outlets.

  3. Al Jolson:

      Entertainment: A celebrated vaudeville and Broadway performer known for his groundbreaking work in The Jazz Singer (1927), the first "talkie."

      Politics: Actively campaigned for various political figures and supported war efforts during World War II through USO performances.

  4. Ronald Reagan:

      Entertainment: A Hollywood actor and Screen Actors Guild president during the 1940s and 1950s.

      Politics: Transitioned into politics, serving as Governor of California (1967–1975) and later as the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989).

  5. Shirley Temple:

      Entertainment: A child star of the 1930s and one of Hollywood’s most iconic actresses.

      Politics: Served as a U.S. diplomat, including roles as U.S. Ambassador to Ghana (1974–1976) and Czechoslovakia (1989–1992).

  6. Bing Crosby:

      Entertainment: An iconic singer and actor, Crosby became a cultural phenomenon through his music and films.

      Politics: Though he did not hold office, Crosby was an active supporter of various political campaigns, including that of Dwight D. Eisenhower, and used his platform to influence public opinion.

• "A judge who delivers a false judgment is considered as if he destroyed the world."

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is the largest public transportation network in the United States, serving the New York metropolitan area, including parts of New Jersey. Its budget is divided into two primary components: the Operating and Capital Budget.

Operating Budget

The Operating Budget covers the day-to-day expenses of running subways, buses, commuter railroads, and other services. For 2024, the MTA's Adopted Operating Budget is approximately $19.29 billion. This budget is allocated as follows:

 Labor Costs: $11.79 billion

 NonLabor Costs: $4.48 billion

 Debt Service Payments: $2.82 billion

These figures are detailed in the New York City Council's budget report. 

Capital Budget

The Capital Budget funds long-term investments in infrastructure, such as system expansions, modernization projects, and significant repairs. The MTA's proposed Capital Plan for 20252029 is $68.4 billion, marking the most important funding request in its history. This plan aims to address critical infrastructure needs and system enhancements. 

Revenue Sources

The MTA's revenue comes from various sources:

Fares and Tolls: Approximately $6.87 billion Dedicated Taxes and Subsidies: Around $7.22 billion

Federal Aid: Including COVIDrelated assistance, totaling about $2.88 billion

The MTA faces significant financial challenges, including:

Funding Gaps: A $16.5 billion gap in the current 20202024 capital plan, initially expected to be funded by congestion pricing, has been delayed. 

Debt Obligations: Debt service payments constitute a substantial portion of the operating budget, impacting financial flexibility.

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) offers its employees a defined benefit pension plan that guarantees a percentage of the final average salary for life. However, this traditional pension plan is becoming increasingly rare in the private sector, with only an estimated 18% of new hires in large private companies having access to such benefits. 

Pension Plan Costs

The MTA's pension plan costs are a significant component of its financial obligations. For instance, in 2022, the MTA's Defined Benefit Pension Plan reported total assets of approximately $5.37 billion, a decrease from $5.76 billion in 2021. This decline was attributed to underperformance in the plan's investments and contributions net of benefit payments and expenses during the year. 

Employer Contributions

The MTA contributes 8% of an employee's salary each year into the defined contribution plan, more than twice the 3.6% median contribution for typical large private companies. 

Financial Challenges

The MTA faces financial challenges related to its pension obligations. Projections indicate that annual benefit payments are expected to increase between 3.0% and 4.0% over the next decade, rising from $37 million in 2019 to $48 million in 2027. These increases are attributed to demographic and economic factors and costs associated with pension enhancements. 

Medicare and Medicaid are two of the largest federal programs in the United States, both in terms of enrollment and expenditure. Here's an overview of their budgets:

Spending Growth: In 2022, Medicare spending increased by 5.9% to $944.3 billion, accounting for 21% of the nation's total health expenditures. 

Projected Spending: By 2023, Medicare spending will surpass $1 trillion, reflecting the program's expanding role in healthcare financing. 

Medicaid spending grew by 9.6% in 2022, reaching $805.7 billion, representing 18% of total national health expenditures. 

The increase in spending was partly due to a record-high Medicaid enrollment of 91.2 million people in 2023, driven by policy changes and economic factors. 

Together, Medicare and Medicaid constitute a significant portion of federal mandatory spending. In fiscal year 2024, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed a budget with $1.7 trillion in mandatory funding, primarily allocated to these programs. 

Economic Projections: Over the next decade, healthcare spending is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.6%, outpacing the projected GDP growth of 4.3%. This trend suggests that healthcare expenditures, including those for Medicare and Medicaid, will consume more of the economy.

Medicare and Medicaid Programs were established by President Lyndon B. Johnson when he signed the Social Security Amendments of 1965 into law.

Leonard D. Schaeffer was the first director of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), which later became CMS. He was appointed as HCFA’s first administrator in 1977.

Born on July 28, 1945, in Chicago, Illinois, Schaeffer grew up in Evanston, Illinois. He graduated from Princeton University in 1969. 

He served as the Deputy Director for Management at the Illinois Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, and the Chairman of the Illinois Capital Development Board. 

In 1978, he was appointed Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget at the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. At age 33, he became the first Administrator of the Health Care Financing Administration (now the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), overseeing Medicare and Medicaid programs. 

Transitioning to the private sector, Schaeffer held significant roles:

In 1986, Schaeffer became President and CEO of Blue Cross of California, which was near bankruptcy. He created WellPoint Health Networks in 1993. WellPoint became a leading health benefits company. 

Student Loan Marketing Association: As Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, he managed the national secondary market for student loans. 

He is currently the Judge Robert Maclay Widney Chair and Professor at the University of Southern California (USC) and is a Senior Advisor to Whistler Capital Partners, a private equity firm.

Schaeffer serves on various boards, including the Brookings Institution and RAND Corporation.

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) was established on October 15, 1966, by an act of Congress and officially began operations on April 1, 1967. It was created to consolidate federal transportation functions under one umbrella, addressing the increasing complexity of the nation's transportation systems and the need for coordinated policy-making.

 Current Structure, Responsibilities, and Numbers

 Employment

- The DOT employs approximately 55,000 people, including full-time federal employees and contractors, across its various branches and agencies.

Divisions and Branches

The DOT oversees 13 agencies with distinct responsibilities:

1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Regulates and oversees civil aviation.

2. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA): Manages the national highway system.

3. Federal Transit Administration (FTA): Oversees public transit systems.

4. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA): Regulates railroads and promotes rail safety.

5. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): Promotes vehicle safety and road safety standards.

6. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA): Ensures safe transportation of hazardous materials.

7. Maritime Administration (MARAD): Promotes and regulates the U.S. merchant marine and waterborne transportation.

8. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA): Regulates the trucking industry.

9. Office of the Secretary (OST): Provides overall policy and leadership.

10. Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (GLS): Maintains and operates the seaway.

11. Office of Inspector General (OIG): Conducts audits and investigations.

12. Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (SLSDC): Focuses on seaway operations.

13. Build America Bureau: Supports infrastructure investments and innovation.

 Budget

- The DOT’s annual budget is typically around $87 billion, funding transportation infrastructure, safety programs, and research initiatives.

 Key Responsibilities

- Safety Regulation: Establishing safety standards for all modes of transportation.

- Infrastructure Development: Overseeing construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, airports, and ports.

- Policy Making: Coordinating national transportation policies and priorities.

- Innovation: Supporting the development of autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, and modernized air traffic systems.

- Public Transit Support: Providing grants to improve urban and rural transit systems.

 Key Figures and Circumstances Behind Its Creation

1. President Lyndon B. Johnson:

   - President Johnson was a central figure in the creation of the DOT. He championed its establishment as part of his broader vision for modernizing America's infrastructure and ensuring safety and efficiency in transportation. He signed the Department of Transportation Act into law in 1966.

2. Alan S. Boyd:

   - Alan S. Boyd was the first Secretary of Transportation, sworn in on January 16, 1967. He played a pivotal role in shaping the department during its formative years.

   - Background:

     - Before becoming Secretary of Transportation, Boyd served as the Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation. These roles gave him valuable experience in managing and regulating complex transportation systems.

Alan S. Boyd (July 20, 1922 – October 18, 2020) was an influential figure in U.S. transportation history, known as the first Secretary of Transportation and a trailblazer in the aviation and transportation industries.

 Early Life and Education

- Born: July 20, 1922, in Jacksonville, Florida.

- Education:

  - Graduated from the University of Florida in 1941.

  - Earned a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1948 after serving in World War II.

 Military Service

- Boyd served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, where he gained firsthand knowledge of aviation that would later influence his career.

 Career Highlights

1. Early Career in Transportation:

   - Boyd worked as a lawyer specializing in transportation law, which marked the beginning of his deep involvement in the field.

2. Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) (1961–1965):

   - Appointed by President John F. Kennedy, Boyd became the youngest CAB chairman in history.

   - He helped usher in a new era of air travel, focusing on deregulation and modernization.

   - Advocated for fair competition and affordable airfares, promoting growth in the aviation sector.

3. Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation (1965–1967):

   - Boyd served in the Department of Commerce, where he oversaw transportation policies and programs. His work there set the stage for the creation of the Department of Transportation.

4. First Secretary of Transportation (1967–1969):

   - Appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as the first Secretary of the newly established U.S. Department of Transportation.

   - Boyd unified disparate federal transportation agencies under one umbrella, fostering better coordination and efficiency.

   - Focused on aviation safety, highway infrastructure, and urban transportation issues.

   - Promoted innovation in transportation policy and systematized safety protocols across various modes of transit.

5. Later Career:

   - President of Illinois Central Railroad (1969–1972): Boyd shifted focus to the private sector, helping modernize one of the nation's key railroads.

   - President of Amtrak (1978–1982): Boyd played a significant role in guiding the national passenger rail system through its formative years, addressing operational and financial challenges.

 Legacy and Recognition

- Boyd is celebrated as a pioneer in U.S. transportation policy, advocating for modernization, safety, and efficiency across all modes of transit.

- His leadership during the creation of the DOT solidified the department’s role as a cornerstone of American infrastructure development.

 Personal Life and Passing

- Boyd married Flavil Townsend in 1943, and they had two children.

- He passed away on October 18, 2020, in Seattle, Washington, at the age of 98. Boyd's career left an enduring impact on U.S. transportation systems and policies.

 Major Controversies Involving the DOT

1. Airline Deregulation (1978)

   - The Airline Deregulation Act, passed during President Jimmy Carter's administration, marked a significant shift in DOT policy. While deregulation reduced fares and increased competition, it led to controversies such as the decline of smaller regional airlines and reduced service to rural areas.

2. Infrastructure Funding Shortfalls

   - Controversy has frequently surrounded the funding and management of infrastructure projects, including debates over gas tax increases, mismanagement of highway funds, and disputes between federal and state governments over spending priorities.

3. Highway Safety Standards

   - The DOT’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has faced criticism over its handling of vehicle recalls, such as the Takata airbag scandal and the General Motors ignition switch defects, both of which were linked to fatalities.

4. Air Traffic Modernization (NextGen)

   - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a part of the DOT, has struggled with implementing NextGen, a multibillion-dollar program to modernize air traffic control. Delays, budget overruns, and resistance from airlines and air traffic controllers have plagued the program.

5. Bridge and Tunnel Safety

   - High-profile disasters like the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River Bridge in 2007 raised questions about DOT oversight and funding of bridge safety programs.

6. Pipeline Safety

   - The DOT’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has faced scrutiny for its response to major pipeline spills, such as the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill, which was the largest inland oil spill in U.S. history.

7. High-Speed Rail Projects

   - DOT’s support for high-speed rail has sparked controversy, particularly in California, where costs for the state’s bullet train project ballooned, leading to criticism of DOT’s oversight and allocation of federal funds.

8. Climate Change Policies

   - Recent controversies have included debates over the DOT’s role in promoting electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel efficiency standards, with conflicts between industry groups, environmentalists, and state governments.